co-author

 The present study was carried out to evaluate the antidiabetic and antilipidemic property of Terminalia arjuna in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic model rats. 50% ethanol extract of stem bark of Terminalia arjuna were administered 1.25gkg-1 body weight for 21 consecutive days to type 2 diabetic male Long-Evans rats. Ethanol extract of T. arjuna significantly (p<0.05) improved oral glucose tolerance in type 2 rats in comparison to control group at the end of study period. It was also found that fasting serum glucose level decreased significantly (p<0.05) compared to water control after 21 days of feeding of T. arjuna. However, no change was observed in the liver glycogen content and serum insulin level at the end of the study period. In addition to hypoglycemic effect of T. arjuna, beneficial effect was also observed in lipid profile. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride were decreased significantly by (p<0.01) and (p<0.001) at the end of the study period. Administration of Glibenclamide (5 mgkg-1) also produced significant reduction (p<0.01) in serum glucose concentration in type 2 diabetic rats. Thus, the results of the experimental study suggest that T. arjuna possesses hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects and can be served as a source of potent antidiabetic agent.

Plant Microbes interactions and environment protection

Rezuanul Islam

a) Environmental Microbioloogy: Dynamic microbial population (ARG, Nitrogen fixing, denitrification, Anammox and PGM Microorganism), Phytoremediation, Bioremediation, Antibacterial\Antifungal activity of natural plant. b) Use of Bioinformatics tools

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md_Mizanur_Rahman6

(IF- 3.53). Corresponding Author

IF: 3.310, Co-Author

IF: 3.296, Co-Author

 IF-5.09: First Author

IF-5.09: Co-Author

IF-3.808: Co-author

IF-2.88: Corresponding Author

IF-1.33: Corresponding Author

IF:0.553: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Journal

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

IF: 0.267: Co-Author

IF-0.75: Springer: First and corresponding Author

SCIE, IF- 2.53: Co-Author

SCI, IF-3.88: First Author

Scopus: First author

IF-2.16: Co-author

SCIE, IF-0.813: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Co-author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

Peer-Reviewed Journal: Corresponding Author

SCI, IF-4.55: First Author and Corresponding Author

SCI, IF-3.81: 2nd Author

0

Biofilm, Quorum Sensing, Antimicrobial Resistance, Industrially important enzymes, Biofertilizer, Biocontrol agents

0

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10924-022-02406-4

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343525093_Lentinula_edodes_methanol_extract_inhibits_biofilm_formation_and_autoinducer-2_production_by_Eikenella_corrodens_a_periodontopathogenic_bacterium

http://www.mebtlabiu.org

Control of antibiotic resistance bacteria, bioinformatics

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mohammad-Abu-Jamal-2/research

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zuGjao4AAAAJ&hl=en

Impact Factor : 4.4

DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2262586

Impact Factor - 4.379

DOI: 0.1038/s41598-020-62309-z

Impact Factor: 2.693

DOI:10.1002/2211-5463.12024

Impact Factor: 3.9

DOI: 10.1039/D3RA03923D

Impact Factor : 3.776

DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09920

Impact Factor: 3.776

doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03403

Impact Factor: 8.886

DOI:10.1016/j.omtn.2018.11.016

Impact Factor : 2.297

doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.73999.1

Impact Factor: 3.653

https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210996 

Impact Factor: 11.446

DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.06.035

Imoact Factor:2.461

DOI: 10.1007/s12088-017-0665-1

Impact Factor: 2.1

DOI: 10.1080/0972060X.2017.1308276

Impact FActor : 6.00

doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.07.050

Impact Factor : 3.89

DOI:10.1186/1476-0711-12-27

Impact Factor: 1.545

DOI: 10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60473-0

Impact Factor: 0.42

DOI: 10.2174/2211352515666170213100820

Impact Factor: 0.42

DOI: 10.2174/2211352519666210120085253

Impact Factor: 2.43

DOI: 10.3390/medicina55050191

10.3390/medicina55050191  

Impact factor - 2.308

DOI: 10.1080/01490451.2019.1666938

Impact Factor : 1.20

10.1007/s13721-020-0225-1

Impact Factor: 1.20

10.1007/s13721-020-00234-x

Impact Factor- 0.18

10.2174/0122113525274800231120065500

Impact Factor : 1.79

https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60206-9

10.3329/jscitr.v4i1.67370

https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2022.d109

• DOI: 10.5897/AJAR2021.15833

https://doi.org/10.5455/jabet.2022.d121

10.34104/ajpab.022.036040

10.5897/AJMR2021.9518

10.2174/2215083807666210104142934

• DOI: 
• 10.34104/ajpab.021.065078

DOI: 10.3329/jbs.v18i0.8790

DOI: 10.5455/jabet.2021.d104

https://doi.org/10.34104/ajpab.019.0192029

• https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2015.15200

DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.621.626

ABSTRACT

We characterized the complete mitogenome of Pipistrellus coromandra (Indian pipistrelle) for comparative analysis of mitogenomes and for resolving the phylogenetic relationship of four tribes in the subfamily Vespertilioninae. The mitogenome size of P. coromandra was 17,153 bp, with a control region and a typical set of 37 mitochondrial genes. The nucleotide composition of the P. coromandra mitogenome showed an AT bias with a nucleotide composition of 33.5% A, 30.7% T, 13.3% G, and 22.5% C. The mitochondrial protein-coding genes in P. coromandra use the standard start codon (ATN), two stop codons (TAA and AGA), and two incomplete stop codons (TA- and T--). The intertribal relationship of four tribes was highly resolved from the phylogenetic analysis of mitogenome sequences. Keyword: Mitogenome; Pipistrellini; Pipistrellus coromandra; Vespertilioninae

Abstract

We investigated structure and intensity of 267 echolocation calls that were collected from the five Korean Myotis species (M. nettereri, M. petax, M. ikonnikovi, M. macrodactylus and M. formosus). All the Myotis species produced typical FM call pattern with similar echolocation call shapes and outer shapes, producing steep, downward frequency-modulated calls. A pulse has two harmonies, which consist of the first harmony with wider bandwidth and the second harmony with narrower bandwidth. The PF of the first harmony is higher than that of the second harmony. The typical FM call structure, with two harmonies and wide bandwidth, might be highly related to fast flying and wide screening in the dense forests. In classification of the echolocation calls by DFA, most of calls from the five species could be well correctly classified. All calls of M. nettereri (100% of 17 calls), M. formosus (95.5% of 22 calls) and M. ikonnikovi (85.7% of 70 calls) could be well discriminated from those of the other species, whereas calls of M. petax and M. macrodactylus could be discriminated by 70.4% of 98 calls and 76.7% of 60 calls, respectively. Our results indicate that the five Korean Myotis species can be well identified by the echolocation calls with high correct classification by DFA.

Key Words: Myotis, echolocation call, vespertilionidae, bat, FM call

Abstract

Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet is one of the most important and nutritious vegetables as well as pulse in Bangladesh and is grown extensively all over the country. It suffers from various fungal infections, which reduce greatly its quality and quantity. Seed-borne and seed associated fungi are one of the factors of substantial damages of the bean genotypes. Seed- borne and seed associated fungi of eleven genotypes of L. purpureus (L.) Sweet and their various controlling methods were studied. From eleven bean seed samples, seven types of fungal pathogens were isolated and identified. The most predominant fungi species were Aspergillus spp. followed by Fusarium sp. and Rhizopus sp. Comparatively less frequent fungi were Penicillium sp., Curvularia sp., Colletotrichum sp. and Alternaria sp. Plant extracts (Lawsonia inermis, Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum), cow urine, hot water and chemical fungicides (Bavistin, redomil and dithane M-45) were used to observe the efficacy of them against different species of fungi and their effect on germination rate and vigour index of bean seeds. Among the controlling measures, considering fungal infection controlling capacity, germination rate, vigour index as well as cheap, easy, environment friendly, easily available and easily applicable controlling measures, Azadirachta indica leaf extract was the best. Genotype GBLB-6, GBLB-11 and GBLB-13 showed more better performance through all the controlling measures and these genotypes may be used in the breeding program for their higher germination rate, higher vigour index and comparatively lower susceptibility to fungal pathogen.

Abstract

Objective: Immune-compromised patients are vulnerable to microbes, which are usually safe and sound for healthy individuals. The aim of this study is to provide a quality fresh fruits such as apple, grape, guava, pear and plum for immune-compromised personnel sing different doses of gamma radiation. Methods: Irradiation impacts on microbial number, in treated fruits were assessed and compared to sanitary microbial safety criteria for immune-compromised patients as suggested by IAEA. Fresh-cut fruits were exposed to various doses of gamma radiation (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kGy) and microbial load was analyzed. Results: Microbiological analysis showed that aerobic plate counts in case of guava, grape and pearwere4.53, 3.42 and 3.24 log CFU/g respectively which were eliminated at 1.0 kGy. Aerobic spores, except apple, were totally eliminated just at 0.5 kGy. Similarly, at 0.5 kGy, total Coli form in plum, pear, guava and apple, which were 4.43, 2.25, 2.0 and 1.04 CFU/g respectively, as well as pathogenic Listeria spp. 3.3 log CFU/gin guava were also eradicated. Staphylococcus aureus were detected only in fresh-cut guava in the level of 3.77 log CFU/g that was eliminated at 1.0 kGy. Yeast and mold found in processed plum and pear were about 4.0 and 1.47 log CFU/g respectively, were eliminated at 0.5 kGy. Conclusion: We found that radiation dose of 1.0 kGy fulfilled the microbial safety criteria for immune-compromised patients.

ABSTRACT

In this study, the antibacterial activity of various organic solvent extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves, flowers and shoots was determined in vitro using agar diffusion method and MIC tested against the isolated soil bacteria. The identified bacteria were Paenibacillussp. L32, Paenibacillussp. BF38, Bacillus megaterium, Terribacillussp. 3LF, Bacillus simplex and Bacillus cereus. Various organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L revealed a good antibacterial activity against about all bacteria. Results showed that the best extract was methanol because highest inhibition zone were obtained by this extract and all studied bacteria were inhibited. At a concentration of 500 µg/disc, the highest microbial inhibition was found 19.2±.76 mm against Bacillus simplex for methanol extract, 15.7±0.58 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of flower, 14.0±2.0 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of leaves, 13.34±0.58 mm on Bacillus megaterium for nhexane extract and 11.7±0.6 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for chloroform extract, respectively and MIC (64, 128, 256 and 512 µg/ml, respectively). Most of the cases, antibacterial activity with commercial antibiotics such as amoxicillin and erythromycin, organic extracts exhibited similar or higher antibacterial activity than standard drug. The results of this study suggest that the organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves can be a source of natural antimicrobial agents with potential applications. Keywords: Antibacterial; 16S rDNA sequence; Bacillus sp; Different extract; Ocimum sanctum L

Abstract

Lathyrus sativus (Khesari plant) and sugarcane bagasse are considered as agro wastes. Khesari plants are generally grown in fields as weeds and they have to be removed prior to cultivation. Taking this view in mind, we have investigated the conversion of these lignocellulosic agro-waste as an enriched feed stock for cattle via by solid state fermentation using a cellulolytic fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju. The strain required 8 weeks to complete the fermentation on both the untreated and treated (with alkali, lime and presoaked) substrates at 30°C. Higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein were found in each of the lime treated substrates than untreated substrates. Results also indicated that presoaked substrate contain higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein than unsoaked substrate. Among the substrates, mixed substrate (khesari plant + sugarcane bagasse) was found to accumulate higher amount of sugar, 22.15 mg/g and protein, 22.80 mg/g than those of khesari plant in the 5th week of fermentation. The treatments that augmented the level of sugar and protein were also found to enhance the cellobiase, carboxy methyl cellulase and avicelase activity of crude culture extracts. These results suggest that lime treatment and presoaking seem to increase the digestibility of the substrates by the fungal cellulolytic enzymes. During eight weeks of fermentation, relatively higher cellobiase activity was found as compared to that of carboxymethylcellulase and avicelase at 30oC for the fungul strain. The results of the present study clearly indicate that fungal co

Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is common form of dementia which is characterized by a progressive degeneration of the brain, but its molecular mechanism is not clear yet. The present study aimed to explore the key candidate genes and their associated pathways in the AD in order to discuss the potential mechanism in the AD. We studied microarray gene expression dataset GSE4757 to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs), annotated to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Pathway (KEGG) pathways in order to clarify molecular roles and pathways. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis was performed to select target hub genes and relevant transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) were selected based on TF-DEGs and miRNAs-DEGs interaction networks. Transcriptome guided significantly enriched small molecular agents were identified by cMap. This study identified totally 1521 DEGs where 1024 up-regulated and 517 down-regulated genes. In the GO analysis, clusterd the up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs based on significant enrichment in biological processes. Similarly, in the KEGG pathway analysis showed that the up-regulated DEGs were enrichedin the ribosome, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, and Staphylococcus aureus; and the down-regulated DEGs were enriched in pathways including pathways in cancer, cAMP signaling, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways, adherence junction, cGPM PKG signaling pathway. The PPI analysis showed twelve hub genes based on degree and betweenness centrality including UBA52, RAC1, CREBBP, AR, RPS11, SMAD3, RPS6, RPL12, RPL15, and UBC. Moreover, TFs-DEGs pathway identified the genes FOXC1, GATA2, YY1, FOXL1, NFIC, E2F1, USF2, SRF, PPARG, and JUN; and the potential reporter miRNAsi.e mir-335-5p, mir-26b-5p, mir-93-5p, mir-124-3p, mir-17-5p, mir-16-5p, mir-20a-5p, mir-92a-3p, mir-106b-5p, and mir-192-5p were identified. In addition, genes for small molecule, STOCK1N-35696 was identified as a novel candidate for the treatment of AD. This study shaded light that the integrated bioinformatics analysis identified DEGs, molecular pathways, reporter biomolecules i.e., TFs, miRNAs enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development in AD. These candidate genes, pathways and TFs would be used for therapeutic targets of AD.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, protein-protein interaction, reporter transcription factors, reporter microRNAs, molecular pathways, therapeutic agents.

Cancer biology, Cell signalling

0

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=qx3F-yYAAAAJ&hl=en

Insulin is a critical signaling molecule in reducing blood glucose levels, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is an essential enzyme in regulating glucose metabolism. However, the insulin effect on PDH function has not been well established. We observed that insulin attenuated the phosphorylation (p) of Ser264 (p-Ser264) in the PDH E1α subunit (PDHA1) in normal rat hepatocyte. In contrast, insulin induced an increase of p-Ser264 PDHA1 levels in hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 and Huh7 cells. Insulin activated RhoA and Rho-dependent coiled coil kinase, an effector protein of active RhoA, which regulated p-Ser264 PDHA1 levels, along with both p-Ser9 and p-Tyr216 forms of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) in HepG2 cells. Only p-Tyr216 GSK-3β, the active form was involved in an increase of p-Ser264 PDHA1. Akt was also engaged in p-Ser9 of GSK-3β, but neither in p-Tyr216 of GSK-3β nor p-Ser264 of PDHA1 upon insulin. Reconstituted dephospho-mimic forms PDHA1 S264A and GSK-3β Y216F impaired, but wild-types PDHA1 and GSK-3β and phospho-mimic forms PDHA1 S264D and GSK-3β Y216E increased cell proliferation upon insulin through expression of c-Myc and cyclin D1. Therefore, we propose that insulin-mediated p-PDHA1 is involved in the regulation of HepG2 cell proliferation through RhoA signaling pathway.

RhoA GTPase plays a variety of functions in regulation of cytoskeletal proteins, cellular morphology, and migration along with various proliferation and transcriptional activity in cells. RhoA activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and the guanine nucleotide dissociation factor (GDI). The RhoA-RhoGDI complex exists in the cytosol and the active GTP-bound form of RhoA is located to the membrane. GDI displacement factors (GDFs) including IκB kinase γ (IKKγ) dissociate the RhoA-GDI complex, allowing activation of RhoA through GEFs. In addition, modifications of Tyr42 phosphorylation and Cys16/20 oxidation in RhoA and Tyr156 phosphorylation and oxidation of RhoGDI promote the dissociation of the RhoA-RhoGDI complex. The expression of RhoA is regulated through transcriptional factors such as c-Myc, HIF-1α/2α, Stat 6, and NF-κB along with several reported microRNAs. As the role of RhoA in regulating actin-filament formation and myosin-actin interaction has been well described, in this review we focus on the transcriptional activity of RhoA and also the regulation of RhoA message itself. Of interest, in the cytosol, activated RhoA induces transcriptional changes through filamentous actin (F-actin)-dependent ("actin switch") or-independent means. RhoA regulates the activity of several transcription regulators such as serum response factor (SRF)/MAL, AP-1, NF-κB, YAP/TAZ, β-catenin, and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α. Interestingly, RhoA also itself is localized to the nucleus by an as-yet-undiscovered mechanism.

Rho GTPases play significant roles in cellular function and their activity is regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), providing activation and inactivation of these GTPases, respectively. Active GTP-bound form of RhoA activates its effector proteins while the inactive GDP-bound form of RhoA exists in a RhoA-RhoGDI (guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor) complex in the cytosol. In particular, IκB kinase γ IKKγ/NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO) plays a role as a GDI displacement factor (GDF) for RhoA activation through binding to RhoA-RhoGDI complex. Meanwhile, prion protein inactivates RhoA despite RhoA/RhoGDI association. Novel target proteins for Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) such as glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β and IKKβ are recently discovered. Here, we elaborate on a post-translationally modified version of RhoA, phosphorylated at Tyr42 and oxidized at Cys16/20. This form of RhoA dissociates from RhoA-RhoGDI complex and activates IKKβ on IKKγ/NEMO, thus providing possibly a critical role for tumourigenesis.

0

Dr. Sudhangshu Kumar Biswas is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh and current International Graduate Research Assistant (IGRA) at the Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Malaya, Malaysia. He obtained his PhD degree in Microbiology from University of Malaya, Malaysia. He did his Bachelor and Masters in Genetics and Breeding from the University of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. His research interest firstly focus on multidrug-resistant bacteria, bacteriophage biology and phage therapy with an aim to purify a unique broad-host-range bacteriophage as well as to develop phage-cocktail against the multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogen. His another research interest focus on Environmental Biotechnology (Biodegradation, Bioremediation, Mycoremediation)

Environmental Biotechnology, Drug-resistant Bacteria, Phage biology

0

https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=s5D9zpoAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate

 Globally, water pollution from the textile industries is an alarming issue. Malachite Green dye of the triphenylmethane group is an extensively used dye in the fabric industries that is emitted through textile wastewater. This study aimed to isolate and characterize potential Malachite Green (MG) dye degrading bacteria from textile effluents. Different growth and culture parameters such as temperature, pH and dye concentration were optimized to perform the dye-degradation assay using different concentrations of MG dye in the mineral salt medium. A photo-electric-colorimeter was used to measure the decolorizing activity of bacteria at different time intervals after aerobic incubation. Two potential bacterial strains of Enterobacter spp. CV-S1 (accession no: MH450229) and Enterobacter spp. CM-S1 (accession no: MH447289) were isolated from textile effluents exhibiting potential MG dye decoloring efficiency. Further, the RAPD analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing confirmed the genetic differences of the isolated strains. Enterobacter sp CV-S1 and Enterobacter sp CM-S1 can completely decolor MG dye up to 15 mg/L under shaking condition without any requirement of sole carbon source. Thus, these two bacteria have the potency to be utilized in the textile wastewater treatment plant.

Despite the association of prevalent health conditions with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, the disease-modifying biomolecules and their pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to understand the inf luences of COVID-19 on different comorbidities and vice versa through network-based gene expression analyses. Using the shared dysregulated genes, we identified key genetic determinants and signaling pathways that may involve in their shared pathogenesis. The COVID-19 showed significant upregulation of 93 genes and downregulation of 15 genes. Interestingly, it shares 28, 17, 6 and 7 genes with diabetes mellitus (DM), lung cancer (LC), myocardial infarction and hypertension, respectively. Importantly, COVID-19 shared three upregulated genes (i.e. MX2, IRF7 and ADAM8) with DM and LC. Conversely, downregulation of two genes (i.e. PPARGC1A and METTL7A) was found in COVID-19 and LC. Besides, most of the shared pathways were related to inf lammatory responses. Furthermore, we identified six potential biomarkers and several important regulatory factors, e.g. transcription factors and microRNAs, while notable drug candidates included captopril, rilonacept and canakinumab. Moreover, prognostic analysis suggests concomitant COVID-19 may result in poor outcome of LC patients. This study provides the molecular basis and routes of the COVID-19 progression due to comorbidities. We believe these findings might be useful to further understand the intricate association of these diseases as well as for the therapeutic development.

Bacteria are the most common aetiological agents of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and use a variety of mechanisms to evade the host immune system. With the emerging antibiotic resistance, CAP-causing bacteria have now become resistant to most antibiotics. Consequently, significant morbimortality is attributed to CAP despite their varying rates depending on the clinical setting in which the patients being treated. Therefore, there is a pressing need for a safe and effective alternative or supplement to conventional antibiotics. Bacteriophages could be a ray of hope as they are specific in killing their host bacteria. Several bacteriophages had been identified that can efficiently parasitize bacteria related to CAP infection and have shown a promising protective effect. Thus, bacteriophages have shown immense possibilities against CAP inflicted by multidrugresistant bacteria. This review provides an overview of common antibiotic-resistant CAP bacteria with a comprehensive summarization of the promising bacteriophage candidates for prospective phage therapy.

Effect of pesticides on nitrification activity and its interaction among heavy metal concentrations (HMCs), antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes of long-term paddy soils is little known. The aim was to study the effect of pesticides on net nitrification rate (NR), potential nitrification rate (NP), HMCs, ARGs (sulI, sulII, tetO, and tetQ), and amoA (amoA-AOA, amoA-AOB, and amoA-NOB) genes in longterm treated paddy soils. NR and NP were significantly decreased (p < 0.05), whereas HMCs (Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Fe3+) were a significantly increased (p < 0.05) in chemical fertilizer with pesticide treated paddy soils as compared with chemical fertilizer treated paddy soils. The scatter plot matrix indicated that total carbon (TC), soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and Fe were linearly correlated with NR and NP in long-term treated paddy soils. ARGs and amoA genes were significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in chemical fertilizer and manure with pesticide treated paddy soils. Overall, the result indicated the response of pesticide and their combination of manure with pesticide interaction present in long-term paddy soils, which will play a great role in the control uses of pesticides, manure, and chemical fertilizers in paddy soils and protect the nitrogen cycle as well as environment.

The environment-friendly bacterial strains are used for wastewater treatment due to their high degrading capability and cost-effectiveness. In the present study, we isolated, identified, characterized, and optimized culture condition (pH 7 and 7.5 respectively, temperature 35°C for both, time up to 96 hours) of two dye degrading bacteria from industrial effluents. Morphological, biochemical, and molecular identification confirmed those strains as Bacillus pseudomycoides and Acinetobacter haemolyticus. Spectrophotometric methods were used to investigate the dye degradation (single and mixed dye) capability of these two bacteria. These strains were the potential for degrading methylene green (MG), basic violet (BV) and acid blue (AB) dyes In case of MG + BV, B. pseudomycoides, and A. haemolyticus showed a degradation rate of 74% and 75%, respectively. While, 75% and 82% for MG + AB combinations, 73% and 73% for AB + BV combinations, and 80% and 82% for MG + BV + AB combinations, respectively. Azoreductase enzymes from bacteria are essential for breaking down the azo bond in textile azo dyes. In molecular docking, the binding energy of three docking complexes (protein and MG, protein and BV, protein and AB) were -6.3, -6.6, and -6.8 Kcal/mol, respectively. The binding stability of the docked complexes was ensured by the root mean square deviations (RMSD), solvent accessible surface area (SASA), radius of gyration (Rg) and hydrogen bond in a molecular dynamics simulation study, indicating strong and stable binding. This study revealed that both B. pseudomycoides and A. haemolyticus could decolorize single and mixed dyes efficiently. As a result, both the strains could be used in further research to apply their potentiality in large-scale dye degradation in the future.

The most discussed topic in today's world is COVID-19, an acute respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) because of its contagious transmission pattern, and morbimortality. The virus was originated by bats and in December 2019, first spread to humans by unknown intermediate species in Wuhan, China. The dramatic acceleration of the occurrence and death toll of COVID-19 with no potential medicine and vaccine are enough to explain its severity.This review summarizes multidisciplinary aspects of COVID-19, including origin, epidemiology, symptoms, transmission, pathogenicity, impact on world economy and advances in the use of modern diagnostic procedures and methods. Further, we analyzed extensively for various therapeutic strategies, potential drug options with prospective vaccine candidates and challenges along the way. All data were accumulated through extensive study of recent peer-reviewed publications and authentic reports until June 7, 2020. Collectively, this review would help to shed light on different dimensions of this ongoing pandemic.

The concept of the Nitrogen (N) cycle has been modifed over the years based on certain new pathways, including comammox, anammox, and DNRA (dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium). Comammox, nitrifcation, anammox, denitrifcation, DNRA, and nitrogen fxation pathways play key roles in the N cycle in paddy soils. Pesticides and chemical fertilizers’ efects on the N cycle in paddy soils together with the possible manifestation of these newly discovery pathways are the focus of this review. Both chemical fertilizers and pesticides’ overuse afect nitrifying archaea/bacteria and denitrifying and anammox bacteria, while heavy metals afect the nitrifcation rates in paddy soils. To add extra value to this study, we quantifed the comammox amoA single copy gene from the Nitrospira strain ‘Nitrospira inopinata’. This review will help researchers access the latest information on the N cycle, particularly in the light of the most recent discoveries.

Shigella-infected bacillary dysentery or commonly known as Shigellosis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The gradual emergence of multidrug resistant Shigella spp. has triggered the search for alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Phage therapy could be one such suitable alternative, given its proven long term safety profile as well as the rapid expansion of phage therapy research. To be successful, phage therapy will need an adequate regulatory framework, effective strategies, the proper selection of appropriate phages, early solutions to overcome phage therapy limitations, the implementation of safety protocols, and finally improved public awareness. To achieve all these criteria and successfully apply phage therapy against multidrug resistant shigellosis, a comprehensive study is required. In fact, a variety of phage-based approaches and products including single phages, phage cocktails, mutated phages, genetically engineered phages, and combinations of phages with antibiotics have already been carried out to test the applications of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella. This review provides a broad survey of phage treatments from past to present, focusing on the history, applications, limitations and effective solutions related to, as well as the prospects for, the use of phage therapy against multidrug resistant Shigella spp. and other multidrug resistant bacterial pathogens.

Various types of chemical fertilizers are used in agricultural production in Bangladesh. However, plants and microbes' responses to the nitrification activity of chemical fertilizers are unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the responses of plants and nitrifying archaea/bacteria and comammox amoA Nitrospira inopinata bacteria to the net nitrification rates (NNRs) of chemical fertilizers in four vegetable soils. The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB), and comammox amoA N. inopinata was determined by q-PCR. The NNRs ranged from 2.96 ± 0.39 to 10 ± 1.19 mg kg−1 h−1 and were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the vegetable soils than in the control soils (uncultivated soils). Temperature and pH influenced the NNRs. The abundance of comammox amoA N. inopinata ranged from 9.34E+05 to 4.55E+06 per gram dry soil in the vegetable soils and represented 28 to 72% of the nitrifying amoA genes. Among the vegetable soils, the highest NNRs and abundance of comammox amoA N. inopinata were found in Phaseolus vulgaris soils. The abundance of AOA, AOB, NOB, and comammox amoA N. inopinata was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the vegetable soils compared to control soils and was correlated positively and significantly with the NNRs. Principal component analysis (PCA) results confirmed the distinct variation present among the vegetable soils according to their components. Finally, it may be concluded that the plants and nitrifying archaea/bacteria, as well as comammox amoA N. inopinata, can also have indirect/direct effects on the nitrification activity of chemical fertilizer among vegetable soils.

Industrial effluent containing textile dyes is regarded as a major environmental concern in the present world. Crystal Violet is one of the vital textile dyes of the triphenylmethane group; it is widely used in textile industry and known for its mutagenic and mitotic poisoning nature. Bioremediation, especially through bacteria, is becoming an emerging and important sector in effluent treatment. This study aimed to isolate and identify Crystal Violet degrading bacteria from industrial effluents with potential use in bioremediation. The decolorizing activity of the bacteria was measured using a photo electric colorimeter after aerobic incubation in different time intervals of the isolates. Environmental parameters such as pH, temperature, initial dye concentration and inoculum size were optimized using mineral salt medium containing different concentration of Crystal Violet dye. Complete decolorizing efficiency was observed in a mineral salt medium containing up to 150 mg/l of Crystal Violet dye by 10% (v/v) inoculums of Enterobacter sp. CV–S1 tested under 72 h of shaking incubation at temperature 35 °C and pH 6.5. Newly identified bacteria Enterobacter sp. CV–S1, confirmed by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing, was found as a potential bioremediation biocatalyst in the aerobic degradation/de-colorization of Crystal Violet dye. The efficiency of degrading triphenylmethane dye by this isolate, minus the supply of extra carbon or nitrogen sources in the media, highlights the significance of larger-scale treatment of textile effluent.

Lablab purpureus(L.) Sweet is one of the most important and nutritious vegetables as well as pulse in Bangladesh and is grown extensively all over the country. It suffers from various fungal infections, which reduce greatly its quality and quantity. Seed-borne and seed associated fungi are one of the factors of substantial damages of the bean genotypes. Seed-borne and seed associated fungi of eleven genotypes of L. purpureus(L.) Sweet and their various controlling methods were studied. From eleven bean seed samples, seven types of fungal pathogens were isolated and identified. The most predominant fungi species were Aspergillus spp. followed by Fusariumsp. andRhizopussp. Comparatively less frequent fungi were Penicilliumsp., Curvulariasp., Colletotrichumsp. and Alternariasp. Plant extracts (Lawsonia inermis, Azadirachta indica and Allium sativum),cow urine, hot water and chemical fungicides (Bavistin, redomil and dithane M-45) were used to observe the efficacy of them against different species of fungi and their effect on germination rate and vigour index of bean seeds. Among the controlling measures, considering fungal infection controlling capacity, germination rate, vigour index as well as cheap, easy, environment friendly, easily available and easily applicablecontrolling measures, Azadirachta indicaleaf extract was the best. Genotype GBLB-6, GBLB-11 and GBLB-13 showed more better performance through all the controlling measures and these genotypes may be used in the breeding program for their higher germination rate, higher vigour index and comparatively lower susceptibility to fungal pathogen.

Ph.D. in Metabolomics and Pharmacogenomics of TB Patients

Metabolomics, Pharmacogenomics and Molecular Biology

0

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&user=dOqyqfEAAAAJ

Corresponding Author; Impact Factor: 4.61

1^st Co-Author

1^st  Co-Author; Impact Factor: 3.41

Dr. Anzana Parvin is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh. She obtained her PhD degree in Cell Biology from Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. She did her Bachelor and Masters in Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering from the Islamic University, Kushtia,Bangladesh. Her current research focus on the molecular mechanism for the progression of prostate cancer. Her recent research revealed the role of human kinesin motor protein KIFC1 for prostate cancer proliferation and metastasis by regulating the centrosome clustering and by inhibiting the cancer cell death through apoptosis. Her research interest also focus on Cancer immunology and the involvement of miRNA in enhancing the cancer progression.

Prostate cancer, Kinesin motor protein, Cancer Immunology, Apoptosis, Centrosome clustering

0

https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=en&user=fyaiN2gAAAAJ

Microbiology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Agricultural Biotechnology

Islamic University-Kushtia, Bangladesh

Membrane dynamics of Autophagy by Cryo-ET

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jahangir-Alam-23

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=zwDMAuQAAAAJ&hl=en

Biotechnology, Network Pharmacology, Bioinformatics, and Cancer Biology

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Md-Rezaul-Karim-Phd?ev=prf_overview

https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=N-Drmm4AAAAJ&hl=en

Fermented black ginseng (FBG) is gaining attention for its enhanced pharmacological properties and health benefits. However, traditional processing of black ginseng (BG) can produce benzo(a)pyrene, a potential carcinogen. This study introduces a novel Light-Emitting Diode (LED) technique to produce benzo(a)pyrene-free FBG, ensuring both safety and efficacy. The LED system enables energy-efficient drying and optimized light conditions for fermentation, preserving bioactive compounds while preventing benzo(a)pyrene formation. A controlled fermentation environment was achieved by optimizing LED parameters and drying efficiency. Additionally, the therapeutic potential of FBG, including antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, was evaluated against conventional BG and FBG. This study highlights LED technology as an innovative approach for producing high-quality, safe FBG with enhanced bioactivity including antioxidant, anti-lung cancer and anti-inflammatory activities, offering new possibilities for nutraceutical, functional food, and therapeutic applications.

Abstract

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurrent inflammatory skin condition marked by itching, inflammation, and lichenification, primarily affecting children. Panax ginseng shows therapeutic promise in treating AD, although research on its mechanisms remains limited. For the first time, a network pharmacology approach was used to explore the pharmacological mechanisms of Panax ginseng’s active compounds in AD treatment. Screening for bioactive compounds and their respective targets was conducted through the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology (TCMSP) and SwissTargetPrediction databases. AD-related targets were gathered from GeneCards, DisGeNET, and OMIM databases. The VENNY tool was used to identify overlapping targets. STRING 12.0 was utilized for protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis, Cytoscape for network construction, DAVID for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment, and PyRx AutoDock Vina for molecular docking. We retrieved 14 bioactive compounds (oral bioavailability ≥ 30% and drug-likeness ≥ 0.18) from Panax ginseng, corresponding to 552 targets, and 44 compounds (OB < 30% and DL ≥ 0.18) with 610 potential targets for oral and topical AD therapies. In the compound-target network, Gomisin B, Kaempferol, Celabenzine, and Panaxadiol emerged as key oral compounds targeting hub genes. Ginsenoside-Rh3, 12-O-nicotinoylisolineolone, Ginsenoside-Rh4, and Panaxatriol were linked to hub genes, suggesting topical application potential. GO and KEGG enrichment showed involvement of Th17 cell differentiation, EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, C-type lectin receptor signaling, and TNF signaling. Molecular docking showed strong binding between key compounds and core targets. This study highlights Panax ginseng’s potential in complementary AD treatment.

ABSTRACT

In recent years, kidney cancer has become one of the most serious medical issues. Kidney cancer is treated with a variety of active compounds that trigger genes that cause cancer. We identified in our earlier research that isoquercitrin (IQ) can activate PIK3CA, IGF1R, and PTGS2. However, it has a very low bioavailability because of its lower solubility in water. So, we utilized sub-merge fermentation technology with two well-known probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis, as a microbial source and mulberry fruit extract as a substrate, which has a high IQ level to improve IQ yield. Furthermore, we compared the total phenolic, flavonoid, and antioxidant contents of fermented and non-fermented samples, and we found that the fermented samples had greater levels than non-fermented sample. In addition, the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results showed that the fermented mulberry fruit extract from B. subtilis and L. acidophilus showed higher IQ values (190.73 ± 0.004 μg/ml and 220.54 ± 0.007 μg/ml, respectively), compared to the non-fermented samples, which had IQ values (80.12 ± 0.002 μg/ml). Additionally, at 62.5 µg/ml doses of each sample, a normal kidney cell line (HEK 293) showed higher cell viability for fermented and non-fermented samples. Conversely, at the same doses, the fermented samples of L. acidophilus and B. subtilis in a kidney cancer cell line (A498) showed an inhibition of cell growth around 36% and 31%, respectively. Finally, we performed RT and qRT PCR assay, and we found a significant reduction in the expression of the PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R genes. We therefore can conclude that the fermented samples have a higher concentration of isoquercitrin, and also can inhibit the expression of the genes PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R, which in turn regulates kidney cancer and inflammation.

The PHLDA (pleckstrin homology-like domain family) gene family is popularly known as a potential biomarker for cancer identification, and members of the PHLDA family have become considered potentially viable targets for cancer treatments. The PHLDA gene family consists of PHLDA1, PHLDA2, and PHLDA3. The predictive significance of PHLDA genes in cancer remains unclear. To determine the role of pleckstrin as a prognostic biomarker in human cancers, we conducted a systematic multiomics investigation. Through various survival analyses, pleckstrin expression was evaluated, and their predictive significance in human tumors was discovered using a variety of online platforms. By analyzing the protein–protein interactions, we also chose a collection of well-known functional protein partners for pleckstrin. Investigations were also carried out on the relationship between pleckstrins and other cancers regarding mutations and copy number alterations. The cumulative impact of pleckstrin and their associated genes on various cancers, Gene Ontology (GO), and pathway analyses were used for their evaluation. Thus, the expression profiles of PHLDA family members and their prognosis in various cancers may be revealed by this study. During this multiomics analysis, we found that among the PHLDA family, PHLDA1 may be a therapeutic target for several cancers, including kidney, colon, and brain cancer, while PHLDA2 can be a therapeutic target for cancers of the colon, esophagus, and pancreas. Additionally, PHLDA3 may be a useful therapeutic target for ovarian, renal, and gastric cancer.

Kidney cancer has emerged as a major medical problem in recent times. Multiple compounds are used to treat kidney cancer by triggering cancer-causing gene targets. For instance, isoquercitrin (quercetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) is frequently present in fruits, vegetables, medicinal herbs, and foods and drinks made from plants. Our previous study predicted using protein-protein interaction (PPI) and molecular docking analysis that the isoquercitrin compound can control kidney cancer and inflammation by triggering potential gene targets of IGF1R, PIK3CA, IL6, and PTGS2. So, the present study is about further in silico and in vitro validation. We performed molecular dynamic (MD) simulation, gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis, cytotoxicity assay, and RT-PCR and qRT-PCR validation. According to the MD simulation (250 ns), we found that IGF1R, PIK3CA, and PTGS2, except for IL6 gene targets, show stable binding energy with a stable complex with isoquercitrin. We also performed gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses of the final targets to determine their regulatory functions and signaling pathways. Furthermore, we checked the cytotoxicity effect of isoquercitrin (IQ) and found that 5 μg/mL and 10 μg/mL doses showed higher cell viability in a normal kidney cell line (HEK 293) and also inversely showed an inhibition of cell growth at 35% and 45%, respectively, in the kidney cancer cell line (A498). Lastly, the RT-PCR and qRT-PCR findings showed a significant decrease in PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R gene expression, except for IL6 expression, following dose-dependent treatments with IQ. Thus, we can conclude that isoquercitrin inhibits the expression of PTGS2, PIK3CA, and IGF1R gene targets, which in turn controls kidney cancer and inflammation.

Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) produced by bacterial fermentation of fiber in the colon, is a source of energy for colonocytes. Butyrate is essential for improving gastrointestinal (GI) health since it helps colonocyte function, reduces inflammation, preserves the gut barrier, and fosters a balanced microbiome. Human colonic butyrate producers are Gram-positive firmicutes, which are phylogenetically varied. The two most prevalent subgroups are associated with Eubacterium rectale/Roseburia spp. and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Now, the mechanism for the production of butyrate from microbes is a very vital topic to know. In the present study, we discuss the genes encoding the core of the butyrate synthesis pathway and also discuss the butyryl-CoA:acetate CoA-transferase, instead of butyrate kinase, which usually appears to be the enzyme that completes the process. Recently, butyrate-producing microbes have been genetically modified by researchers to increase butyrate synthesis from microbes. The activity of butyrate as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) has led to several clinical trials to assess its effectiveness as a potential cancer treatment. Among various significant roles, butyrate is the main energy source for intestinal epithelial cells, which helps maintain colonic homeostasis. Moreover, people with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have distinct gut microbiota from healthy adults and frequently have dysbiosis of the butyrate-producing bacteria in their guts. So, with an emphasis on colon and lung cancer, this review also discusses how the microbiome is crucial in preventing the progression of certain cancers through butyrate production. Further studies should be performed to investigate the underlying mechanisms of how these specific butyrate-producing bacteria can control both colon and lung cancer progression and prognosis.

Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent inflammatory skin condition that commonly occurs in children. Genetics, environment, and defects in the skin barrier are only a few of the factors that influence how the disease develops. As human microbiota research has advanced, more scientific evidence has shown the critical involvement of the gut and skin bacteria in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. Microbiome dysbiosis, defined by changed diversity and composition, as well as the development of pathobionts, has been identified as a potential cause for recurring episodes of atopic dermatitis. Gut dysbiosis causes "leaky gut syndrome" by disrupting the epithelial lining of the gut, which allows bacteria and other endotoxins to enter the bloodstream and cause inflammation. The same is true for the disruption of cutaneous homeostasis caused by skin dysbiosis, which enables bacteria and other pathogens to reach deeper skin layers or even systemic circulation, resulting in inflammation. Furthermore, it is now recognized that the gut and skin microbiota releases both beneficial and toxic metabolites. Here, this review covers a range of topics related to AD, including its pathophysiology, the microbiota-AD connection, commonly used treatments, and the significance of metabolomics in AD prevention, treatment, and management, recognizing its potential in providing valuable insights into the disease.

Tuft cells, also known as taste chemosensory cells, accumulate during parasite colonization or infection and have powerful immunomodulatory effects on substances that could be detrimental, as well as possible anti-inflammatory or antibacterial effects. Tuft cells are the primary source of interleukin (IL)-25. They trigger extra Innate lymphoid type-2 cells (ILC2) in the intestinal lamina propria to create cytokines (type 2); for instance, IL-13, which leads to an increase in IL-25. As tuft cells can produce biological effector molecules, such as IL-25 and eicosanoids involved in allergy (for example, cysteinyl leukotrienes and prostaglandin D₂) and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Following parasite infection, tuft cells require transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5 (TRPM5)-dependent chemosensation to produce responses. Secretory tuft cells provide a physical mucus barrier against the external environment and therefore have vital defensive roles against diseases by supporting tissue maintenance and repair. In addition to recent research on tuft cells, more studies are required to understand the distribution, cell turnover, molecular characteristics, responses in various species, involvement in immunological function across tissues, and most importantly, the mechanism involved in the control of various diseases.

The gut microbiome is the community of healthy, and infectious organisms in the gut and its interaction in the host gut intestine (GI) environment. The balance of microbial richness with beneficial microbes is very important to perform healthy body functions like digesting food, controlling metabolism, and precise immune function. Alternately, this microbial dysbiosis occurs due to changes in the physiochemical condition, substrate avidity, and drugs. Moreover, various categories of diet such as “plant-based”, “animal-based”, “western”, “mediterranean”, and various drugs (antibiotic and common drugs) also contribute to maintaining microbial flora inside the gut. The imbalance (dysbiosis) in the microbiota of the GI tract can cause several disorders (such as diabetes, obesity, cancer, inflammation, and so on). Recently, the major interest is to use prebiotic, probiotic, postbiotic, and herbal supplements to balance such microbial community in the GI tract. But, there has still a large gap in understanding the microbiome function, and its relation to the host diet, drugs, and herbal supplements to maintain the healthy life of the host. So, the present review is about the updates on the microbiome concerns related to diet, drug, and herbal supplements, and also gives research evidence to improve our daily habits regarding diet, drugs, and herbal supplements. Because our regular dietary plan and traditional herbal supplements can improve our health by balancing the bacteria in our gut.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-the byproduct of regular cell activity formed by various cellular components—play a significant role in pathological and physiological conditions. Alternatively, antioxidants are compounds that reduce or scavenge reactive species in cells. An asymmetry between the antioxidant defense system and ROS from intracellular and extracellular sources cause chronic diseases such as cancer, inflammation, tumorigenesis, cardiovascular and neurogenerative diseases. However, Panax ginseng and its secondary metabolites (known as ginsenosides, phenolic compounds, peptides, acid polysaccharides, polyacetylene, and alkaloids) are well-recognized as antioxidants in many in vitro and in vivo experiments which show beneficial activity in regulating ROS in these diseases. There are extensive evidences that P. ginseng can destroy cancer cells specifically by increasing oxidative stress through ROS generation without significantly harming normal cells. Additionally, numerous studies have examined the antioxidant activity of ginseng and its derivatives on ROS-mediated signaling pathways which are discussed herein. This review summarizes the potential antioxidant activity of P. ginseng in several chronic diseases, and gives updated research evidence with related mechanisms and the future possibilities of nano-formulated compounds of P. ginseng and other polyphenols.

Medicinal plants are one of the most vital natural resources, but many of them are currently endangered due to habitat loss. Consequently, it is critical to emphasize the importance of using micropropagation techniques for mass propagation of plantlets on a commercial scale, in addition to germplasm conservation and distribution. Nodal explants and shoot tips were expunged from 15 days of the explant by aseptic seedlings, an effective, quick, and better in vitro plant regeneration procedure for Vitex negundo L. has been developed. The recent study was considered to develop an in vitro procedure for the regeneration of V. negundo L., a traditional medicinal plant. Nodal segments and shoot tips were cultivated on MS medium enhanced with numerous plant growth regulators. For multiple shoots and root regeneration, various cytokinins were examined. 6-benzylaminopurin (BAP), kinetin (Kin), and 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA) were all tested as a supplement to Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium including auxin phytohormone, such as Indole acetic acid (IAA) and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The furthermost effective surface sterilization treatment for explants of V. negundo has been found 0.1% HgCl2 for 8 minutes. In all treatments, multiple shoots were collected from shoot tips and nodal segments. In MS media added with 2.0 mg/l BAP, the most shoots were seen in V. negundo. Furthermore, V. negundo regeneration shoots rooted effectively in half MS containing 1.0 mg/l IBA. Finally, proliferated plantlets were effectively adapted in soil, where they grew normally without morphological anomalies and had a survival rate of 92 percent.

Sex and gender are recognized as a vital factor in the infectious disease
epidemiology, and disease outcomes, and these two factors also appear to hold
for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Evidence from
COVID-19 infection in Bangladesh showed that a variation number of cases and
deaths between the sex differences in immune responses to viruses and gender
related risk factors among the male and female, but more severe outcomes in
aged men of cases and deaths in 31~40 and 61~70 years respectively than
female. However, the previous research dataset in the different parts of world
evidenced that the men's are vulnerable compare to women's. Similar trends to
observe in Bangladesh datasets in COVID-19 epidemiology. Male and female
represented 71% and 29% of total reported confirmed COVID-19 cases in
Bangladesh, respectively. Moreover, different levels of angiotensin converting
enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMRSS2) enzymes
play important role in COVID-19 infection of men and women. In addition, the
effects of testosterone on ACE2 levels and the presence of ACE2 genes on the
specific X-chromosome should not be ignored. In fine, this mini-review focuses
on sex and gender variations in patients with an infectious disease of COVID-19
epidemiology in Bangladesh. The information of sex differences and age
dependence might contribute to proper management and treatment of COVID-19
in Bangladesh.

Protruded from cytomembrane, primary cilium is a widespread cell organelle that can be found in almost all cell types in Mammalia. Because of its comprehensive requirement in various cellular activities and various functions in different organs, primary cilium has been a valuable research area of human pathology research since the turn of the millennium. And the potential application of the interaction between primary cilia and cell cycle regulation may be the most promising direction as many primary cilium-caused diseases are found to be caused by cell cycle dysregulation resulted from primary cilia defects. Therefore, a deep understanding of the interaction between primary cilia and the cell cycle is in great need. Hence in this review, we mainly described how the interaction between primary cilia and cell cycle proceeds and demonstrated three hypotheses raised from much different research. These hypotheses include (1) Primary cilium as a cellular signaling hub to regulate the cell cycle, (2) Primary cilium as a reservoir of cell cycle regulation-related factors, and (3) Primary cilium as a cell cycle checkpoint or a brake. Nonetheless, we also call for more attention on research of interaction between cell cycle and primary cilia and tried to point out some possible research directions for those who are interested.

Barhl1, a mouse homologous gene of Drosophila BarH class homeobox genes, is highly expressed within the inner ear and crucial for the long-term maintenance of auditory hair cells that mediate hearing and balance, yet little is known about the molecular events underlying Barhl1 regulation and function in hair cells. In this study, through data mining and in vitro report assay, we firstly identified Barhl1 as a direct target gene of Atoh1 and one E-box (E3) in Barhl1 3’ enhancer is crucial for Atoh1-mediated Barhl1 activation. Then we generated a mouse embryonic stem cell (mESC) line carrying disruptions on this E3 site E-box (CAGCTG) using CRISPR/Cas9 technology and this E3 mutated mESC line is further subjected to an efficient stepwise hair cell differentiation strategy in vitro. Disruptions on this E3 site caused dramatic loss of Barhl1 expression and significantly reduced the number of induced hair cell-like cells, while no affections on the differentiation toward early primitive ectoderm-like cells and otic progenitors. Finally, through RNA-seq profiling and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, we found that this E3 box was indispensable for Barhl1 expression to maintain hair cell development and normal functions. We also compared the transcriptional profiles of induced cells from CDS mutated and E3 mutated mESCs, respectively, and got very consistent results except the Barhl1 transcript itself. These observations indicated that Atoh1-mediated Barhl1 expression could have important roles during auditory hair cell development. In brief, our findings delineate the detail molecular mechanism of Barhl1 expression regulation in auditory hair cell differentiation.

In this study, the antibacterial activity of various organic solvent extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves, flowers and shoots was determined in vitro using agar diffusion method and MIC tested against the isolated soil bacteria. The identified bacteria were Paenibacillussp. L32, Paenibacillussp. BF38, Bacillus megaterium, Terribacillussp. 3LF, Bacillus simplex and Bacillus cereus. Various organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L revealed a good antibacterial activity against about all bacteria. Results showed that the best extract was methanol because highest inhibition zone were obtained by this extract and all studied bacteria were inhibited. At a concentration of 500 µg/disc, the highest microbial inhibition was found 19.2±.76 mm against Bacillus simplex for methanol extract, 15.7±0.58 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of flower, 14.0±2.0 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for ethanol extract of leaves, 13.34±0.58 mm on Bacillus megaterium for n-hexane extract and 11.7±0.6 mm on Terribacillus sp. 3LF for chloroform extract, respectively and MIC (64, 128, 256 and 512 µg/ml, respectively). Most of the cases, antibacterial activity with commercial antibiotics such as amoxicillin and erythromycin, organic extracts exhibited similar or higher antibacterial activity than standard drug. The results of this study suggest that the organic extracts of Ocimum sanctum L leaves can be a source of natural antimicrobial agents with potential applications.

Lathyrus sativus (Khesari plant) and sugarcane bagasse are considered as agro wastes. Khesari plants are generally grown in fields as weeds and they have to be removed prior to cultivation. Taking this view in mind, we have investigated the conversion of these lignocellulosic agro-waste as an enriched feed stock for cattle via by solid state fermentation using a cellulolytic fungus, Pleurotus sajor-caju. The strain required 8 weeks to complete the fermentation on both the untreated and treated (with alkali, lime and presoaked) substrates at 30°C. Higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein were found in each of the lime treated substrates than untreated substrates. Results also indicated that presoaked substrate contain higher amounts of reducing sugar and soluble protein than unsoaked substrate. Among the substrates, mixed substrate (khesari plant + sugarcane bagasse) was
found to accumulate higher amount of sugar, 22.15 mg/g and protein, 22.80 mg/g than those of khesari plant in the 5th week of fermentation. The treatments that augmented the level of sugar and protein were also found to enhance the cellobiase, carboxy methyl cellulase and avicelase activity of crude culture extracts. These results suggest that lime treatment and presoaking seem to increase the digestibility of the substrates by the fungal
cellulolytic enzymes. During eight weeks of fermentation, relatively higher cellobiase activity was found as compared to that of carboxymethylcellulase and avicelase at 30oC for the fungul strain. The results of the present study clearly indicate that fungal conversion with pretreatment transform these lignocellulosic agro-wastes to a nutritionally enriched animal feed.

Abstract